Jazz Music In The 1920s

Jazz Music In The 1920s Proposition: The 1920s carried a lot of progression to todays society particularly in innovation the most significant of which was music. Is music imperative to you? Music doesnt repulse to everybody. Music hugy affects society in any event, starting with the Harlem Renaissance to today. Music is the all inclusive language and that is the reason its critical to certain individuals. Music is critical to adolescents just as grown-ups. It is an approach to escape from their issues. There are a wide range of styles of music. The 20s were known as the Jazz Age. This decade was known as the Jazz Age since jazz was exceptionally famous and just began flaunting the abilities in jazz music. Jazz is a mainstream term to be portrayed as different occasions throughout everyday life. During the 1920s jazz was amusement. Jazz likewise speaks to defiant conduct and biracial culture. The 1920s was the hour of Prohibition. The Prohibition Amendment of the 1920s was inadequate in light of the fact that it was unenforceable, it caused hazardous development of wrongdoing, and it expanded the measure of liquor utilization. The crime percentage expanded in light of the fact that the Prohibition crushed legitimate occupations, made bootleg market brutality, occupied assets from requirement of different laws and expanded costs individuals needed to pay for precluded products. Jazz was not simply music; it was a type of common articulation. Jazz was diverse on the grounds that it disrupted the guidelines melodic and social. It highlighted act of spontaneity over conventional structure. The approach of Prohibition in 1920 brought into hoodlum runs night-clubs. During the 1920s jazz music gave an opportunity of articulation, melodic uniqueness, and social opportunity. Jazz music lead to new moves during the 1920s like the One Step. Jazz initially originated from New Orleans. New Orleans jazz is a style of music. Practically any melody can be energized with a New Orleans beat. Jazz is music for moving, not tuning in. Something that separates jazz from the music that went before it is the way performers improvised㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦it was a vehicle for individual articulation. Jazz chronicles permitted the music to reach past night clubs. During the 1920s the dark expressions development was known as the Harlem renaissance. Jazz was a significant piece of this development. As music moved during the 1920s to urban zones openings for work expanded. Alongside this was an expansion in spending power for dark Americans. Jazz was likewise supposed to have a caststrophobic sway on the national character. Jazz was additionally censured in view of its inceptions. It was initially the backup of the voodoo moves. Jazz music came to appear nor only a disturbance yet a danger. Jazz essentially got interchangeable with commotion. The main extraordinary disobedience to jazz music and such moves as the meander. Understanding the shrewd impact of this kind of music and moving the National Dancing Masteous Association at their last meeting embraced a standard. Another verification that jazz is perceived as creating a shrewd impact is the way that in pretty much every huge industry where music has been organized it has been found fundamentally to end jazz on account of its dampening impact upon the laborers. This was seen in a shakiness and absence of equity in the workmanship of the item after a period when the laborers had enjoyed jazz music. Jazz is an impact for indecencies likewise felt by some of the greatest nation club, which have illegal the bodice check room. Dark performers were opening entryways, Harlems Cotton Club, the most well known New York jazz club of the 1920s and 1930s, highlighted Black performers yet situated just white benefactors. In the primary many years of the twentieth century its enthusiastic rhythms moved north with the Great Migration, a mass development of Blacks from the South to urban regions looking for better chances and endeavoring to escape from unbending Jim Crow laws that held them in a condition of virtual bondage. This unmistakably American music, with an accentuation on ad lib, encapsulated the country. The radio and phonograph majorly affected Jazzs prevalence as act of spontaneity and the immediacy that embodied the music was preferred passed on through sound over sheet music. Another class or style of music is known as the music that was constrained underground. The music moved accentuation from moving to tuning in. Bebop mirrored the hatred dark performers felt over the prizes and advantages procured by white large groups from swing created by blacks. Bebop was known as present day jazz that created after WWII. Bebop craftsman built up their own style of dress with berets and developed goatees. They would perform with their backs to the crowd. They created scat singing a kind of drivel syllable singing. Bebop artists of note were Lester Young, Charles Parker, and Miles Davis. Lester Young was one of the performers who started the move to bebop. Miles Davis is an intense trumpet entertainer of the bop/cool time who got his beginning with Parker. Charles Parker is the pioneer of the bop development. Charles is a colossally capable saxophonist from Kansas City. The principal well known melodic pattern in the United States created by this African-European combination was Ragtime. Jazz performers regularly utilized what are called worn out rhymes. Jazz artists additionally periodically utilized what were called blue agreeable and notes. The 1920s jazz was viewed as predictable. Jazz kept on being performed and recorded, and it obviously affected early jazz greats, for example, Jelly Roll Morton. Jazz keeps on being well known with the two artists and crowds and finally increased boundless regard and acknowledgment. Louis Satchemo Armstrong was an individual who helped change the music of the 1920s. Louis changed music, yet additionally put one of his on the map accounts. His chronicles and show visits stamped jazz musics move from a territorially uncovered structure to a national creation. All in all, the 1920s music had an enormous change to society today. There were likewise numerous specialists that attempted to change jazz music. Despite the fact that music doesnt repulse to everybody. Music has various styles. The jazz age is the thing that affects society today. The jazz age was exceptionally well known and keeps on being famous. Today individuals despite everything tune in to jazz music.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Influence of External Forcesâ â â â â      There were numerous outside powers that affected Macbeth on making his major choice. The choice was whether or no to murder King Duncan. These powers were the nebulous visions, the old witches, and Lady Macbeth. The nebulous visions affected Macbeth by making him think he was powerful. The witches affected Macbeth by revealing to him that he would become lord. Woman Macbeth additionally impacted him by undermining him. In spite of the fact that these components affected Macbeth, it was as yet his decision to follow up on this choice. In any case, regardless of how diligently Macbeth attempted, he was unable to stay away from the impact of what others needed to state.  â â â â      The first outer power that affected Macbeth was the spirits. The spirits impacted Macbeth by making him think he was strong. The first spirit stated, â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Be careful Macduff! Be careful Thane of Fife, excuse me; enough.†(act 4, scene 1, lines 71-73) This implied Macbeth, needed to keep an eye out for Macduff, the Thane of Fife . The subsequent phantom stated, â€Å"Be bleeding, intense, and steadfast, Laugh to despise the intensity of man, for none conceived of lady will hurt Macbeth.†( act 4, scene 1, lines 78-81) This implied no man that was brought into the world out of the female birth waterway could hurt Macbeth. This announcement repudiates the one proclamation made by the main ghost. Macbeth imagined that since Macduff was human that he needed to have been brought into the world through the birth channel. Macbeth didn't have the foggiest idea about that Macduff was conceived by c-segment, he was awkward torn. The third nebulous vision stated, â€Å"Be lion-mettled, pleased and take no consideration of who scrapes, who worries, or where schemes are: Macbeth will never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill will come against him.†(Act 4, Scene 1, Lines 89-94) This implies Macbeth ought to be valiant and pleased. It additionally implies that Macbeth won't be slaughtered until the woods walks up to his château. Macbeth thinks however that that was silly. He never envisioned the timberland strolling. The backwoods walked however. It strolled when Macduff and his partners covered themselves with it, and assaulted Macbeth’s mansion. The nebulous visions caused him to feel like he could do anything. At that point he chosen to take out Duncan.      The witches additionally affected Macbeth in executing King Duncan. They told Macbeth that he would become ruler. The main witch stated, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis.

Choosing Writers for Your Article Writing Needs

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Rhetorical Analysis Of First Rhetorical Strategy - 1791 Words

A library can be a repository of knowledge or a squirrel’s worst nightmare. With this in mind an angle of vision is being created. An angle of vision is not simply written, it is carefully and deliberately constructed through the proper use of five rhetorical strategies. Word Choice, Sentence Structure, Overt Statements, Figurative Language, and Selection and Omission of Details are the strategies used by writers to create the angle of vision. To understand these strategies I have written two paragraphs that are similar in description yet carry vastly different angles of vision. The first rhetorical strategy I used in my paragraphs is word choice. Word choice is the intentional use of certain vocabulary that carries certain connotations which enhance the angle of vision of the writer. Certain words can be very neutral while others can really convey a strong positive or negative emotion, due to the connotation. The feeling that is carried by word choice is the reason I chose a particular sentence from my positive paragraph. To quote, In the backdrop, the soft glow of the glorious glare is allowed to fill the room as the breeze ruffles the branches of the trees through the life sized glass. The use of glorious flare with particular emphasis on glorious is a great example of word choice due to the uplifting feeling that is carried with the word glorious. I could have chosen to write the sun with no other description. The tone of this particular sentence would begin toShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of The First Rhetorical Strategy921 Words   |  4 PagesT he first rhetorical strategy I used in my descriptive paragraphs was word choice. I bring this up first because without it, the reader has a vague perception of the story. Although if used accordingly, it revives the story and the reader can fully grasp what you want them to see. The best use of this in my positive paragraph was â€Å"spacious†. I wanted the reader to visualize a vast and roomy drive thru while reading my paragraph. Although I could’ve used other words like â€Å"large†, or â€Å"big† they wouldn’tRead MoreRhetorical Strategies Analysis of Bill Clintons First Inaugural Address1007 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Strategies Analysis of Bill Clintons First Inaugural Address Introduction William Jefferson Bill Clinton served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He got authority at the end of the Cold War. During Cold War, in order to compete with the Soviet Unions military power, the federal government spent a great deal of financial resources to establish a powerful military. The quality of life of common people decreased year after year. At that time, peopleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Rhetorical And Rhetorical Strategies1149 Words   |  5 PagesLLD 100A First Draft Prof. Ty Khuu Rhetorical Analysis Paper Introduction There are many examples of rhetorical writing strategies that an author could use to make the content more powerful. Writers use this sort of writing to have their writing be more powerful and effective on the reader. Rhetoric implies the effectiveness of communication to attain sure goals or purposes with the use of different sorts of rhetorical strategies and appeals. Rhetorical strategies are commonly used by authorsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Rhetorical Analysis1675 Words   |  7 PagesRhetorical analysis is the way we could communicate effectively by understanding the content, in which to lead us to achieve our goals. According to an article, rhetorical analysis â€Å"is the form of criticism that employs the principles of rhetoric†. It is also a practice of effective communication by using the language of art and media to achieve specific goals. The components I will use in a rhetorical analysis are introduction, rhetorical situation, rhetorical appeals and a conc lusion. In this rhetoricalRead MoreSelf-Reflective Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge on rhetorical strategies and how to present arguments effectively. In the writings I have written, I feel that each writing works towards meeting the course goals. Logos, ethos, and pathos were strategies and ideas we were introduced to (if not already in the past) and were built upon throughout the quarter. The knowledge gained over the course of the quarter werent only those three types of appeals. Rhetorical strategies like proposals helped reinforce the course and using rhetorical analysisRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Rhetorical And Rhetorical Analysis1188 Words   |  5 Pages1. Rhetorical Analysis is the careful examination of texts, videos, and images to understand how they function in conveying their message. The definition of rhetorical analysis will help me better understand what I should be looking for when I receive a text, as rhetorical analysis is different than literary ana lysis. Therefore, the devices for each are also different (Lunsford et al. 88). 2. Intended audience is the initial step to any rhetorical analysis. If you are unable to identify an audienceRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of a Public Document Assignment Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesDraft of a Rhetorical Analysis of a Public Document Assignment Goal Write a 750-1,000-word essay that analyzes the rhetorical situation of a public document. This public document is the Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) website on Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) found at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html. Your analysis should include at least TWO scholarly sources outside of class texts. Directions Complete a close reading of the assigned public documentRead MoreEssay on Study Notes829 Words   |  4 PagesFirst Draft of a Rhetorical Analysis of a Public Document Assignment Write a 750-1,000-word essay that includes an analysis of a public document. Your task is to do a close reading of a public document, summarize it, and then analyze its rhetorical situation. Use the sample rhetorical analysis from the textbook (pages 57-60) as a flexible guide—not as a rigid model. Your analysis will contain a few more features than the one found in the book. How you organize your analysis will depend in partRead MoreBlink: Beauty of Snap Decisions1289 Words   |  6 Pagesthese examples/arguments in a more convenient manner for the reader, to support Gladwell’s argument. Come with me on a journey into the world of snap decisions. Gladwell utilized rhetorical strategies to construct his argument throughout each chapter of his book. For those who are unsure of what rhetorical strategies, they are listed as follow: Exemplification - Any additional facts, statistics, personal experiences, or interview quotations that can be used to help the writer accomplish their taskRead MoreCritical Thinking Skill At Me My Professor948 Words   |  4 Pagesstruggled with different writing skills such as, understanding the process of writing, analyzing reading selection and applying basic critical thinking skill in an argumentative essay. I also struggled with the analysis of specific content in professional writing, identifying rhetorical strategies and synthesising concepts from references. Lucky for me my professor was very skilled and provided me with numerous activities and assignments that helped me improve my writing. Writing is not

Prison Gang Integration And Inmate Violence - 1400 Words

Introduction The reality of prison gangs cannot be over look. Many inmates join gangs for safety and protection during their incarceration. â€Å"Prison gangs is an organization which operates within prison systems as a self-perpetuating entity, consisting a group of inmates who establishes and organize chain of commands† (Pyrooz Mitchell). They also are governed by an established prison code. Research has shown that prison gangs have effects on non-gang members and the prison system. I will examine ten articles that explore the effects of prison gangs. Literature Review â€Å"Prison gang integration and inmate violence† The first article I reviewed by John L Worrall and Robert G Morris discusses how gang membership is linked with inmate misconduct (Worrall Morris. 2012). John Worrall states that know â€Å"gang members are more prone than non-gang members to act violent during the time of their incarceration† (Worrall Morris. 2012). Worrall and his team collected data on inmates from large southern states and examine the inmate on inmate violence. The data included the inmates personal information (address, birthplace, nicknames, ect,), and criminal records. The data was also limited to inmates who were incarcerated in May 2004 and May 2006, serving three conservative years in a traditional facility, and who were not sentenced to life without the possibility of parole or sentenced to death (Worrall Morris. 2012). There results shown that gang membership is an importantShow MoreRelatedGang s And Management Challenges Facing Corrections Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesGang s in the Correctional Setting There are many supervisory and management challenges facing corrections, due to the proliferation of the gang problem, presently within our prisons today. It is critically important for upper management, in the correctional field, to be held as responsible stewards, of the all resources available to them to combat this problem. (Saint Leo University, 2016). These actions are necessary, to deter the increasing glut of criminal activities, which gang behavior inevitablyRead MorePrison Corrections1450 Words   |  6 Pagesposition of authority to the lowest position. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) houses juveniles and adults that have been convicted to state prison and provides programs and services during their incarceration to help them successfully re-enter society. Some of the services that are provided in the prison system are: substance abuse treatment, mental health care, vocational training, education and transitional aftercare housing. CDCR has 33 adult institutions, 46 conservationRead MoreMaking Ethical Decisions At Great Personal Risk872 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding the activities that were occurring in Corcoran Prison. Conditions in the maximum security prison were detrimental to the safety of the prisoners that were incarcerated due to practices of forced integration among rival gang members and guard sanctioned fights between inmates. These unsafe conditions lead to the shooting death of an inmate. Caruso and Rigg stated many of the prison’s policies and practices contributed to the death of the inmate, including unclear rules regarding use of force,Read MoreShould We Be A Prison Safer?1184 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Jails and prisons are designed to break human beings, to convert the population into specimens in a zoo - obedient to our keepers, but dangerous to each other.† -- Angela Davis. This quote is directly addressing the brutality of violence in prisons. When looking at violence, the f irst area of concern is how it became a problem in the first place. The second step would be to not only evaluate the situation, but propose an idea to minimally fix it at best, or try to reform it. This idea should entailRead MoreThe Is A Form Of Adapting Back From A Unified State1389 Words   |  6 PagesReintegration is a form of adapting back to an environment you were once so very familiar with, to restore one’s self to a unified state. In questioning a former inmate I asked him, what was the culture like in prison vs. society? His response was, you know you will do and what you will not do as well as what you will do and will not do. You have to continuously watch your back. Sleep with one eye open, watch your back in the showers and find a way to protect yourself. Don’t fall in manipulationRead MorePrison System And The State Of Justice And Managed The National Penitentiary Department1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brazilian prison system is owned by the governm ent under the responsibility of the Ministry of Justice and managed the National Penitentiary Department. Brazil has the fourth largest prison in the world with an estimated population of 607,731 as it is right below the United Stated, China, and Russia. There are four different types of imprisonment facilities as explained by Patrick Bruha in the article, Prison System in Brazil: †¢ Closed in which the jail time is enforced in a penitentiary, inRead MoreEthical Decision Making : The Code Of Silence919 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional arena ethics examines justice, veracity, and develops a code of conduct for the person to follow. Ethical conflicts presented where correction officers purposely, exploiting racial tension by arranging physically assaultive behavior, of rival gang members which was used for sport, entertainment and shooting practice for the correction officers (Dryburg, 2009). Course of Action The two officers (Riggs and Caruso), choose to be whistle blowers and were of a deontological ethical nature becauseRead MoreChicago Gangs and History Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesChicago Gangs, Then and Now with Solutions Nick Crot Marist High School Abstract This paper deals with gang violence in the city of Chicago since the beginning of time. It takes a deep look into the history of Chicago gangs and how they interact today. Also the past problems the City of Chicago made when dealing with gangs and the problems that gangs today have and how Chicago has the worst gang problem in the country. Also how gangs have turned themselves into big, and lucrative enterprisesRead MoreIs There A Criminal?1236 Words   |  5 Pageswe judge them denying them jobs and the rights of every other American once they have serve their time. About 600,000 individuals are released from prison each year to return to their communities. This is about 1600 people a day.() These inmates are released into society with little resources and with prison term becoming longer and longer, many inmates go in one decade and are released in another. Life changes so quickly for us on the outside sometimes it is hard for us to even catch up. Picture beingRead MoreThe Failure Of The Modern Prison : Understanding The Politicization Of A Total Institution Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages The Failure of the Modern Prison: Understanding the Politicization of a Total Institution Juan Valdes UTPB Dr. Joanna Hadjicostandi Sociology 1301 Fall Semester Are prisons effective total institutions or do they more commonly fail in their goal of resocialization? In considering the effectiveness of prisons as total institutions, it is critical to examine the degree to which they successfully rehabilitate those who spend time within their walls. While prisons most certainly protect citizens

The Colonization Of North America Essay - 1545 Words

During the sixteenth century European pilgrims migrated across the Atlantic Ocean to settle in North America. North America had just been introduced to the Western Civilization. The America’s were home to the indigenous people, that were made up of several tribes that were called Indians by the early settlers. Together the Indians and settlers began to thrive. Growth and development in the new world was made possible by the abundant amount of natural resources. These early settlers had a major influence on the joining of these two cultures. Settlers started to inhabit and populate along the east coast and moving north and south. They began organising into colonies and called themselves colonist. Colonist enjoyed freedoms and opportunities that they never had. Owning land was never possible in the colonist previous civilization. Colonist were also free to decide how they wanted to make a living unlike the peasant life that many of them had known before. One of the b iggest reasons the colonist were so enthusiastic because they got to worship how they wanted. They were finally able to practice and believe in God to their best understanding. For centuries very few people have had this right, to worship as they desire. One can see why the colonist lived with so much passion and pride in this new life style. During the 1700s there began to be uneasiness and frustration amongst the colonist. Much of the frustration grew because of the unfair dominion thatShow MoreRelatedSpanish Colonization Of North America993 Words   |  4 PagesSpanish Colonization of North America In 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, Spain had discovered its next easy conquest. With North America added to its territory Spain had surpassed ancient Rome as the largest empire. Exploiting the land, labor, and minerals Spain quickly conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the Southwest. Spain used its new wealth to help finance their war in Europe. With promises of riches and many natives to convert to ChristianityRead MoreThe Colonization Of North And South America1295 Words   |  6 PagesIn the  Spanish, French, and European colonization of North and South America, it either benefited or ravaged tribal societies and their peoples. Through the 16th-19th centuries, the Native Americans populations declined in the following ways:  epidemic diseases  brought from Europe; violence  and warfare. During the prospect of exploration, Thomas Jefferson viewed American Indians as people with the possibly of â€Å"Enlightenment† and from a political standpoint either they were enemies of war or alliesRead MoreThe Colonization Of Europeans Into The North America1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe time period between the 1600s and 1700s was a time of a major change in the land of the New World. The colonization of Europeans into the North America had considerable impacts on the Native American lives. European empire at the time, such as the French, England and Spanish empires, often fought against each other for power and control. After the European tried to colonized, the Native American suddenly found themselves dealing with European power politics. The arrival of Europeans into theRead MoreThe Impact Of The European Colonization Of North America871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Spanish and the European settlers that came to the North America took on the east coast part of this region. Wherefore, there were many different Indian tribes that existed in this place whom spoke different languages, practiced different c ustoms, and used different techniques in raising their own crops and hunting livestock. It was a mix of people who were better at farming while others were better at agricultural activities. Some people involved in war while some did not. As for my exampleRead MoreRacial Solidarity and The Colonization of North America Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe colonization of North America is not a pretty story, to say the least. In order to colonize the land, the Europeans had to use slaves for manual labor; whether it be the African slaves in Barbados and Chesapeake, or the Native Americans mining for gold, or even orphan children working on farms. The colonial elites had to use force, persuasion, threat, and deceit to accomplish their goals and maintain control. Throughout history, we see many occasions in which one race enslaves another. But hasRead MoreEnglish Motives for Colonization in North America Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesIsland colony in 1587, awakened popular interest in a permanent colonizing venture. Still others looked for the much-sought-after route to the Orient in North America. In addition, the New World provided new resources and land that was desired by the English people. The Renaissance also played a vitale role. In many ways, it promoted colonization and exploration. A revival in classical learning sparked interest in geography and curiosity in the rest of the world. So with the aid of the faithful compassRead MoreThe Impact Of European Colonization On The Aboriginal People Of North America877 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean colonization has had a profound and lasting impact on the aboriginal people of North America. As much as 95% of native Americans perished due to their susceptibility to European diseases such as smallpox, measles, and tuberculosis. In David Jone’s Virgin Soil Revisited, he concludes that their astronomically high death rates were due to environmental and social factors such as malnutrition, warfare, and slavery brought upon by the Europeans. This legacy of colonization continues to hauntRead MoreExploratons and Colonization of North and South America Essay examples916 Words   |  4 PagesExploration and colonization of North and South America were ultimately not beneficial in the 15th and 16th centuries because it wiped out many cultures and did more harm than good. First of all, the Europeans forcibly converted the Natives to Christianity. This had a great negative impact because it resulted in the loss of native cultures. Over time, many Native American languages started to disappear from common use and English took over. Many may argue that colonization and exploration were importantRead MoreAmerican History And The Colonization Of North America By Daniel K. Richter1130 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans are taught one narrative of the colonization of North America; it is the European or white man’s version of events. Children all over the United States see pictures of Indians ba rely wearing clothes and wearing headdresses covered in feathers and larger than the very heads they sit on. Though, this narrative is not contained to inaccurate history books it is represented in books, movies even advertisements. Time and time again Indians are portrayed as savages who lack morals and are devoidRead MoreThe French Indian War And The American Colonization Of North America1326 Words   |  6 Pagesculture were traded between the New and Old Worlds, but causing widespread sickness among the Native American population. The English asserted their own presence in the New World by creating colonies stretching up and down the eastern coast of North America. However, mostly due to issues and events in Europe, the British left the colonists to their own devices (salutary neglect) and they prospered until the French-Indian War (1754-1763). The spirit of independence cultivated in the American colonists

Business Model Innovation Research Technology

Question: Discuss about the Business Model Innovation Research Technology. Answer: Introduction: As mentioned by Hill et al. (2014) an effective business strategy typically involves three basic ideas, those are, the area of competition (the target market segmentation), the competitive techniques (depending on the resources) and the way of implementing those techniques. As mentioned by Eden and Ackermann (2013) for identifying the market opportunity or the most potential target segment, the organizations need to identify the external variables those are influential to the organizational operation (the competitors analysis and the industry analysis and evaluation). For identifying the resources, internal analysis of the organization can be utilized. As mentioned by Harrison and John (2013) by identifying the resources base, the company becomes able to address the external opportunities or threats. On the other hand, for strategy implementation, the organization needs to identify the incentive and compensation policies, the control systems and the organizational structures. As opin ed by Hill et al. (2014) this may include the employee base or skills, motivation and leadership. All these three factors typically support the strategic management of an organization. While creating a strategy for obtaining competitive advantage, the organizations need to focus on all of these three factors simultaneously (Eden and Ackermann 2013). In the empirical cases, the organizations like Foodworks can opt for utilizing this three-faced strategic approach. For identifying the best market opportunity the company can make an external analysis. The company is facing huge competition from the organizations like Coles or Woolworths (FoodWorks Supermarkets | Grocery Specials This Week 2016). However, with the changes in the sociological and demographic pattern the company has an opportunity to attract the customers of Australia as well as the developing economies. Now, for utilizing this market opportunity, the company needs to have the resources. According to the organizational website, it is financially and technologically strong enough for expanding its business, but doesnt have enough employees. However, the financial strength will be helpful in decreasing the price level and attract more customers to the brand. This technique will also be helpful in creating a penetrative pricing policy in the new market segments. Now, imp lement the strategy of expanding the business, the company needs to develop an efficient and motivated employee base. Moreover, for a successful cross-culture management, the organization will need an effective leadership or management base. Thus, Foodworks will be able to attract more customers in the domestic market and successfully execute business in the new geographic segment. Business Model Innovation As mentioned by Leih et al. (2014) the modern business world is significantly volatile that needs quick address to every possible market opportunities. Hence, the business organizations need to concentrate on the innovative strategies. However, innovation does not necessarily involve a whole new idea or the integration of new technologies. As mentioned by Gobble (2014) most of the successful companies have utilized pre-used innovative business models by initiating pragmatic alterations suitable to their own product or service offerings. It has helped them to address the future market opportunity and be a sustainable market player. As discussed by Amit and Zott (2012) innovation helps in increasing the customer value or in reducing the organizational cost and thus gives a competitive advantage to the companies. Hence, the innovation of the business model is crucial for organizational success. For introducing innovation in the business model, the companies need to identify their own bu siness model by categorizing the customer base, the product offerings, the value proposition and the revenue model. The business model innovation needs to change at least two of these dimensions. As discussed by Leih et al. (2014) there are a number of business model pattern those are responsible for all kind of business model innovation. Now, to integrate them an organization needs to follow four steps of initiation, ideation, integration and implementation. In initiation, the current business model needs to be reviewed and by the ideation, it needs to be confronted with various innovative business models. In the integration phase, the consistency of the business model needs to be examined (Amit and Zott 2012). Finally, in the implementation stage, the innovative model can be implemented. However, it is needed to implement in a pilot basis initiate changes according to the challenges. Here, soft factors like managerial failure or industrial resistance needs to be addressed (Gobble 2014). For successful innovation, an organization needs to implement one model at a time, communicate effectively the need of innovation to the stakeholders, setting long-term and flexible KPIs and ensure top management commitment. Thus, the companies can initiate innovative business models and become valid in the future business world. The Australian company Pauls can introduce innovative business models for obtaining competitive advantage. Though the company is successfully operating in the Australian dairy market, business model innovation will help them to collect new customer base by providing increased value proposition (Pauls.com 2016). For implementing new innovative business model, the company needs to identify its current customer base (the Australian market, no defined demographic segment), the product offerings (milk, cream, custard etc.), the value proposition (high quality and fresh product) and the revenue model (selling of the product). In the ideation phase, the company can introduce the e-commerce strategy (mobile app) for the organization. It will be able to address an extended range of customers with new value proposition (easy to buy). By identifying the consistency of the model, the company can opt for implementing it to a small range of products. However, to initiate innovative the business mo del, the company needs to communicate with the stakeholders and ensure managerial commitment (Amit and Zott 2012). The innovative business model will provide the company a product differentiation, which would be helpful for the company to obtain competitive advantage. With a new business model, the company will be able to provide a new range of value proposition to the customers that will be helpful for addressing an extended range of consumers than before (Leih et al. 2014). Moreover, it will help the company to reduce the organizational cost (by narrowing the supply chain) and validating it to the future market (web availability). References: Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53(3), p.41. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. FoodWorks.com 2016. FoodWorks Supermarkets | Grocery Specials This Week. [online] Foodworks.com.au. Available at: https://www.foodworks.com.au/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Gobble, M.M., 2014. Business model innovation.Research-Technology Management,57(6), pp.58-61. Harrison, J.S. and John, C.H.S., 2013.Foundations in strategic management. Cengage Learning. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Leih, S., Linden, G. and Teece, D., 2014. Business model innovation and organizational design: a dynamic capabilities perspective. Pauls.com 2016. Pauls - Home. [online] Pauls. Available at: https://www.pauls.com.au/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016].

Why Zebras Dont Get Ulcers Essay Example For Students

Why Zebras Dont Get Ulcers Essay Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers August 6, 2009 Abstract Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers by Robert M. Sapolsky, gives a description of the inner workings of the human, and animal, stress response. He talks about what physiologically happens to people when they remain in a state of stress of a long period of time. The immune response, depression, aging and death, and sexual reproduction are just some of the topics Sapolsky discusses and how stress affects each of these. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers I chose Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers (1994) because I was intrigued by the similarities between humans and animals in regards to their responses to acute and chronic stress. As a medical professional, I feel that I have a strong background in human physiology and therefore could relate to this book. It did not disappoint. This book is written by Robert M. Sapolsky, a professor of biological sciences, as well as neurology and neurological sciences at Stanford University. As a neuroendocrinologist, he has done extensive research in the area of hormonal response to stress and their effects on the body. We will write a custom essay on Why Zebras Dont Get Ulcers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As a research associate for the National Museums of Kenya, he spends time studying baboons in their natural habitat and the stressors that they endure along with stress related illnesses that their environment may bring about. In Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, Sapolsky examines the adverse effects of long-term stress and the associated physical and mental damage it can cause. During the first five chapters, Sapolsky goes into great detail, engrained with humor, about the physiological changes that happen in our bodies during periods of stress. He explains the principles of the â€Å"fight or flight† response brought on by the body’s sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for preparing our bodies for exertion through the release of glucocorticoids. These hormones raise our heart rate in order to increase the flow of oxygenated blood to the working muscles; gut motility decreases as blood is shunted to the vital organs; pupils dilate to increase light perception; and our airway passages dilate allowing us to increase respiration in order to bring in more oxygen which is much needed for the exertion our body is under. All of these changes occur in just fractions of a second; however it takes longer for these effects to leave the body once the threat or stressor is removed. Sapolsky goes on to explain to the reader why other changes or responses happen during activation of the sympathetic nervous system. He humorously details why we sometimes experience loss of urinary bladder or bowel control during a stressful encounter. If we were to get up off of our couch, walk outside the front door and come face to face with a hungry lion, then our sympathetic nervous systems will take over, secrete the stress hormones, and put our bodies through the changes I described above. In addition to preparing our bodies for fight, it will also temporarily stop the digestive process, in order to expend the body’s energy where it is needed the most. By stopping this process, the small intestines stop their contractions; however the large intestines continue their peristalsis movement in order to rid the body of excess â€Å"baggage†, or fecal matter. It’s much easier to move quickly for humans and animals alike, whether running from a shooting down the street, or running from a hungry lion across the grasslands, when you’re not carrying a couple of extra pounds of feces. The portions of this book that were of great interest to me were when the author talks about repeated stimulations of the sympathetic nervous system and its potential harmful effects on the body over time. These stimulations don’t always have to be at the level of being face to face with the hungry lion. In our everyday modern lives, we have stressors thrust upon us, and even sometimes without our knowledge. .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be , .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .postImageUrl , .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be , .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be:hover , .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be:visited , .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be:active { border:0!important; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be:active , .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u224f085bc66415a7a8db1e45b26425be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hackers EssayOur reactions to the smaller stressors in life, such as driving in traffic, arguments with spouses, raising children, stress with work for example, can cause cardiac and cardiovascular damage without us even knowing about it. Our bodies secrete stress hormones whenever we experience one of these stressful encounters, large or small. This repeated activation can, over the long term, cause irreversible damage causing the formation of atherosclerosis, which is the chronic inflammatory response in arterial walls, eventually causing blockage and reducing blood flow. This is a particularly serious condition when it occurs in the arterial walls of the small coronary arteries which feed oxygen to the heart muscle. In a typical fight or flight response, these coronary arteries will dilate in order to increase their capacity for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart, which is now beating faster to provide blood to the muscles. Sapolsky tells us that continued stress responses will decrease the vessel’s ability to dilate and may in fact constrict, therefore reducing oxygenated blood to reach the cardiac tissue when it needs it the most. The chest pain that these people feel during stressful times unfortunately may be the first and only indicator of cardiac disease. This damage is not just limited to the cardiovascular system. With enough stress, humans are at a higher risk for developing adult-onset diabetes. This is due to the body releasing glucose and fatty acids into the bloodstream during stress, again in order to feed the exerting muscles. At the same time, the body tends to block insulin production, and we remember from basic physiology that insulin is the key hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells. Without insulin there to make this happen, excess glucose remains in the blood if it’s not used by the muscles. Continued stress responses over time can eventually cause the uptake of glucose into the cells to be hindered, thereby creating a diabetic condition. Sapolsky goes on to explain how stress in our lives can also lead to loss of libido and reproduction. During periods of stress, males can see a decrease in circulating testosterone due to a release of specific hormones in the brain which basically shut down the activity of the testes, which are responsible for testosterone release. On the female side, the author tells us that studies have shown how stress suppresses estrogen production, which in turn disrupts sexual behavior in women. (Sapolsky, 1994. p. 124) Another interesting part of this book, talks about the decreased immune response during times of stress. Hans Selye, one of the godfathers of stress physiology, discovered the first evidence of stress-induced immunosuppression back in the 1930s. Selye learned that the same glucocorticoids that are responsible for sympathetic response, was also a large contributor in immune system suppression. Glucocorticoids stop the formation of lymphocytes as well as inhibit the release of interleukins and interferons which make already circulating lymphocytes less responsive to infections. Sapolsky hypothesized why evolution would create this process from happening. He wanted to know why the immune system is disabled during periods of stress. As he states in this book, it appears that no one knows just yet why this makes sense. In the later chapters, Sapolsky talks about the effects of stress on aged organisms. Compared to younger generations, the elderly function just the same as long as they are not stressed. Once a stressor is introduced, the elderly may have numerous problems coping with that stress. There may be a lack of a stress response, or a decreased sympathetic response because the heart itself and the blood vessels have lost their elasticity which allow them to dilate and constrict, and therefore may not be able to respond appropriately to physiological changes. Another problem may be that they have too much of a stress response. .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e , .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .postImageUrl , .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e , .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e:hover , .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e:visited , .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e:active { border:0!important; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e:active , .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7537394dea455aec2b933ce4ea61fe2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shintoism In Japan EssayIt will take longer for hormone levels to return to their pre-stress levels and return to baseline. The author concludes this section by revealing that in more than a dozen species, excess glucocorticoid levels is the cause of death during aging. (Sapolsky, 1994, p. 237) Overall I was very pleased with this book. I was very surprised at the immense detail Sapolsky went into in describing the hormonal response during stress. His background and experience as a neuroendocrinologist was very apparent in his writing. For someone without formal knowledge of human physiology, I could see this being a difficult read. He does however take the time to explain these processes with his humorous tone, and this makes it a much more enjoyable read. As a result of reading this book, I am committing myself to the following changes. I always understood the adverse effects that stress had on the body, but I received somewhat of a wake-up call when I read about how the continued release of stress hormones over the years can have such a damaging effect on the heart. I will do my best to avoid being upset by the little things in life and take the stress relief measures that I have learned and apply them to my own life so that I can prevent cardiac problems, diabetes and other stress-induced diseases. I may not be under the threat of being gored by an elephant or sized up by a hungry lion each day, but I can still take Sapolsky’s lessons and use that knowledge to better my life by improving how I perceive the stressors I encounter. References Sapolsky, R. (1994). Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers. New York, New York. W. H. Freeman and Company

Comparison of television violence and solid parenting essays

Comparison of television violence and solid parenting essays The people of this country have a problem with facing facts. Everyday we turn on the news only to hear about children dying in the streets, the playgrounds, and even in there own homes. Many will blame TV for problems with children and teenagers citing that kids today have no morals or conscious. But it isnt the problem the problem is abusive parents, fewer after school sponsored activities, and children practically raising them selves while both or one parent works all the time. When children are neglected they find activities to get them attention including becoming violent, this is not the result of watching to much TV. Charles Oliver from REASON magazines cites For 30 years or so television defined a broad-based popular American culture. But beginning in the 80s, that culture began to break down, dividing into small subcultures, as technology, deregulation, and market demand made it increasingly difficult for the broadcast networks to attract a broad national audience. In turn each of these subcultures influences each other, producing a mainstream culture that is currently evolving at an ever more-rapid rate(Oliver 58). By this he shows that each generation is different from the others and what defined one group wont define the others. Obviously this shows the generation gap, and also why older folks dont understand the younger generations psyche, the television dosent influence but takes the place of the missing mommy and daddy. Others such as David Grossman who wrote the article Trained to kill will argue that children are taught to be mindless drones through the television. Killing is a learned skill. And they learn it from abuse and violence in the home and, most pervasively, from violence as entertainment in television, the movies, and interactive video games(Grossman 114). Grossman a former military psychologist has seen many soldiers and taught them how to adj...

Age of Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Age of Earth - Essay Example One of these planets, the Earth, used to be a scorching molten rock that cooled into dry land for 70,000 years – the period indicating how old the Earth was at the time Buffon made the study. On the other hand, Irish Archbishop James Ussher of the 17th century believed that the dates in the Bible are significantly reliable in determining how long the Earth has existed since creation. According to him, secular dates are able to project a trustworthy chronological structure of history where through the Bible, with specific reference to the death of King Nebuchadnezzar, he managed to estimate that the Earth was created on the 23rd of October, 4004 BC. For William Thomson, a British scientist widely known as Lord Kelvin, laws of thermodynamics govern the determination of the birth of the living planet. In particular, he necessitated the application of Fourier’s theory to calculate a date when the Earth, initially in its molten state (7000 Â °F), underwent cooling via conduction and radiation. Upon solving the Fourier’s equation, Thomson discovered the possibility that it could have taken the Earth about 24-40 million years to form as the extreme level of temperature evened out in the process. By the time John Joly proposed the revolutionary sodium method of approximating the Earth’s life during the late 19th century, he conducted a mathematical analysis of the rate at which salt is delivered to the ocean waters. This involved finding the concentrations of salt (by mass) in all oceans from which Joly conveyed the notion that the sum of these concentrations (in grams) divided by the average rate of salt flow (in grams / year) into the ocean equals the total age of the oceans combined which then serves as the basis for the age of the Earth. The technique with sodium enabled Joly to conclude that the Earth is approximately 90 – 100 million years old. A more modern approach in the field of chemistry was employed by the

The Evolving Role of Government in Education Essay

The Evolving Role of Government in Education - Essay Example Further concerns of long-term socio-economic as well as political implications that such preparations portend have been a factor that has driven these debates. Therefore, there has been a consensus that the federal government ought to take matters of education holistically with a view to changing policies and streamlining education, which will be relevant in this century and age (Sunderman, 2010). Indeed, the president and the U.S Secretary in charge of education have made policy intervention calls to address education crises in High Schools with a biased concentration on the schools, which perform dismally, as well as in colleges and career configuration. In this line, there have been a number and pieces of legislations proposed or enacted by the national congress driven from research findings and recommendations on the best practices that would adequately inform federal policy (Cross, 2004). For instance, funds have been injected under the federal stimulus program, which has gone f urther in shedding light on the opportunities available to push and create education awareness campaigns for improvement. Further, there have been state-led movements charged with the mandate to evaluate and craft common standardized approaches to greatly way change the American Education (Sunderman, 2010). Such legislations include the reauthorized Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). This act was proposed with the view to critically assess the high school crisis so that systems and structures are out in place to enable students graduating from high schools to be adequately ready to take on careers in colleges. In this case, the federal policy is seen to play an important role to ensure that in â€Å"reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in away that the policies would be congruent with the changes and common standards initiative† to take the leading role and facilitation of partnership with other players in the education sector (Sunderman, 2010) . The federal role and the Aid Evolution For a long time, about a century, the federal government has been playing a significant role in the enhancement of education in America. It has been the fulcrum about national needs and interests as far as education is concerned. This has been seen in a number of roles over the years in line with democracy and promotion of an educated America. One has been to significantly do away with poverty, promote equity in education access and to respond to the needs of the vulnerable groups in society. The second role has been promotion of security and enhancement of economic stability across the whole country to ensure it economically competes with other countries (Cross, 2004). One of the predominant areas where the federal role has been witnessed has been in its push for aid in education. Today’s advocacy for elementary and secondary education can be traced back to the year 1938 when a report of the advisory committee on education instigated by the then president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, laid significant facts bare. On the whole, the report indicated that there were serious disparities among the American states and went further to lay recommendations that the states that were lagging behind should be assisted to promote equity (Sunderman, 2010).

Land Law Notes Essay Example for Free

Land Law Notes Essay Land includes land of any tenure, and mines and minerals, whether or not held apart from the surface, buildings or parts of buildings (whether the division is horizontal, vertical or made in any other way) and other corporeal hereditaments; also a manor, an advowson, and a rent and other incorporeal hereditaments, and an easement, right, privilege, or benefit in, over, or derived from the land Law of Property Act 1925 s.62 A conveyance of land shall be deemed to include and shall by virtue of this Act operate to convey, with the land, all buildings, erections, fixtures, commons, hedges, ditches, fences, ways, waters, water-courses, liberties privileges, easements, rights, and advantages whatsoever, appertaining or reputed to appertain to the land, or any part thereof, or, at the time of conveyance, demised, occupied, or enjoyed with, or reputed or known as part or parcel of or appurtenant to the land or any part thereof. He who owns the land owns everything up to the sky and down to the depths Unrealistic in modern times – pipes underground, aircraft above etc. Bernstein v Skyviews General Ltd 1978 QB: Establishes that a landowner doesnt have unqualified rights over the airspace of his land. Fixtures and Fittings Law of Property Act 1926 s.62 Whatever is fixed to the land becomes part of the land Holland v Hodgson 1872 LR 7CP 328: Looms were fixtures as they were attached to the floor by nails, not just their own weight. If an article is annexed to the land by something more than its own weight, its a fixture, therefore part of the land. Elitestone v Morris 1997: Bungalow couldnt be removed without its destruction. An objective test to determine whether the object was intended for the use or enjoyment of the land, or for the more convenient use of the object itself. General principle: whether an object is part of the land is determined by a) The physical degree of annexation Chelsea Yacht Boat Co v Pope 2000 1WLR 1941: Boat on a river was a chattel not a fixture b) The purpose of the annexation: for better enjoyment of the land or for the better enjoyment of the chattel? Leigh v Taylor 1902 AC 157: These tapestries were works of art, but could be removed without causing structural damage. Therefore they were chattels not fixtures. Re Whaley 1908 1Ch 615: These tapestries were hung as to create the effect of an Elizabethan dwelling house, therefore they were fixtures. Relevance? Buyer: Taylor v Hamer 2002 EWCA Civ 1130: The Court decided that the flagstones were fixtures, and suggested that a seller is not allowed to remove fixtures without informing the buyer if there is a possibility that the buyer expects the fixtures to be included in the sale. Mortgage lender: Botham v TSB 1996 EGCS 149: The bank applied to the High Court to decide if certain everyday articles in the borrowers flat were fixtures and therefore were subject to the banks mortgage, so it could sell them as mortgagee. Taxation: Melluish v BMI 1996 AC 454 Landlord and tenant: A tenant has the right to remove tenants fixtures and fittings at the end of the tenancy: Young v Dalgety 1987 1 EGLR 116: A better definition of a tenants fixture is any item which is properly legally identifiable as a fixture and which was installed and continues to be removable by the tenant, is a tenants fixture. Spyer v Phillipson 1929 2 Ch 183: So long as the chattel could be removed without doing irreparable damage to the demised premises, neither the method of attachment nor the degree of annexation, nor the quantum of damage that would be done either to the chattel itself or to the demised premises by the removal, had any bearing on the right of the tenant to remove it. Wessex Reserve Forces and Cadets Association v White 2005 EWHC 983: landlord’s intention here to ‘demolish’ the premises only led to its aspirations of regaining possession being ‘flattened’ when the court held that (objectively) the landlord’s (subjective) intention could not be implemented and that, in any event, the landlord would not require possession of the premises to carry out the proposed works. Ownership of things found on the land. Parker v British Airways Board 1982 QB 1004: court decided that the finder of a gold bracelet in a public area of British Airways was entitled to possess it against the whole world save the true owner. An occupier of a building has rights superior to those of a finder over chattels on or in, but not attached to, that building if, before the chattel is found, he has manifested an intention to exercise control over the building and the things which may be on or in it. Bridges v Hawkesworth 1851: The finder of a lost article is entitled to it as against all but the true owner. Waverley BC v Fletcher 1996 QB 334: owner or lawful possessor of land owned all that was in or attached to it. Local authority which owned a public open space had a right SUPERIOR to Finder to things found in the ground of that open space and was entitled to possess them against all but the rightful owner. Buried Treasure Treasure Act 1996 s.1(1) Defines what treasure is s.4(1) When treasure is found, it vests, subject to prior interest and rightsin the Crown s.8(1) A person who finds an object which he believes or has reasonable grounds for believing is treasure must notify the coroner for the district in which the object was found (within 14 days) s.8(3) Any person who fails to comply with subsection (1) is guilty of an offence s.10 Payment of rewards

Space Appeal :: Science Planets NASA Papers

Space Appeal Public relations activities have been and always will be an integral part of crew activities. While these activities absorb resources, the most significant of which is time, they also bring public and political support to the program and provide some of the return on investment of the program.† – NASA, The Mars Reference Mission, Pg. 25 Since the day of NASA’s greatest triumph on July 20, 1969, there has been a sense among many American people and politicians that the once-unimaginable goal of conquering space has been accomplished, and that much of what NASA has done since are simply unnecessary frills of the federal budget. In order to attempt to justify its own existence, NASA has felt the need to engage in projects that can thrill the public and thus keep people interested in space exploration. In doing so, a significant portion of their budget, which has been cut over the years, is spent on public relations, decreasing the budget for actual space-related activities. By using its resources to â€Å"bring public and political support to the program†1, NASA has been looking at the problem backwards. By operating more efficiently and spending less on making their projects â€Å"sexy† they could actually accomplish their goals, which would implicitly grab the public’s attention. It is tim e for NASA to move into a new era, where the goal is to pick those projects that will actually succeed instead of those that sensationalize space, those that appeal to the scientist instead of the average American. One goal that NASA has been working toward for years is that of sending a manned mission to Mars. While there is no official plan to send a man to Mars, there is wide support for it at NASA and it clearly would be attempted when/if possible. Sending a human to another planet would be an impressive step for the recently maligned space 1 Koff, Stephen. â€Å"NASA’s new chief will ask 'why' a lot†. The Plain Dealer. January 10, 2002. National Pg. A2. Lexis-Nexis Universe. Online. Nexis. April 28, 2002. program, and would likely bring back a large public interest in the cosmos not seen since the heyday of space in the 1950s and 60s. However, NASA exists neither to entertain the American people nor to promote interest in outer space. According to Sean O’Keefe, NASA’s newly-minted Chief Administrator, it exists to â€Å"advance the development of science and technology†2.

Research Methodology, Design and Process: Dementia Care

Abstract The ability to critically analyse literature is an important skill for evidence-based practice. This literature review aimed to critically analysed literature on dementia care. A search of literature was conducted on academic databases such as Pubmed and CINAHL. Three studies were finally retrieved for this literature review. Each of these studies was critiqued using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool for qualitative studies and the critiquing framework of Long et al. (2002). Findings of this literature review could be used to inform current and future community nursing practice. Specifically, this review revealed that music therapy could improve the mood of individuals with dementia and show evidence in improving memory function. While findings could not be applicable to a wider population, nurses could utilise findings and tailor these to the individual needs of their patients. Introduction Evidence-based practice (EBP) is heavily promoted in the NHS since this helps nurses and other healthcare practitioners apply findings of recently published literature to one’s current and future practice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (NMC, 2008) code of conduct also emphasises that healthcare decisions should be evidence-based and supported by published literature and current guidelines. Developing the ability to critically analyse literature is essential when developing evidence-based care (Greenhalgh, 2010; Aveyard, 2014). There is a wealth of information from published literature and current guidelines. Determining the relevance and quality of these findings will help inform nurses whether findings are credible and valid before they are applied to current practice. As part of community nursing, I am interested in improving my current practice in order to deliver quality care to my patients. The recent policy on community care from the Department of Health (2013a) emphasises the importance of allowing patients with chronic conditions and their carers to self-manage their conditions, achieve self-efficacy and lessen admissions in hospital settings. This policy, â€Å"Care in Local Communities-District Nurse Vision and Model’ (Department of Health, 2013a) emphasises the role of nurses in supporting patients and their carers to improve their health outcomes. While it is acknowledged that patients with chronic illnesses may never recover from their condition, nurses have the responsibility to help patients or their carers manage signs and symptoms of the chronic illness. As a nurse in community setting, I have cared for patients with dementia. I saw how this condition impacts the patient’s quality of life and even increase the risk of depression amongst their carers (Talbot and Verrinder, 2009). I always had an interest in caring for patients with dementia. However, I noticed that most pharmacologic treatments have little effect in delaying the progression of cognitive impairments amongst these patients (Miller, 2009). These treatments are also costly and place a considerable burden on the family members and the NHS (Department of Health, 2013b). Hence, I thought that familiarising myself with non-pharmacologic interventions and their effects on cognition or memory of the patient would be important in my role as a community nurse. A number of non-pharmacologic interventions to preserve memory or delay cognitive decline have been developed in the last two decades. Studies (Spector et al., 2010; Hansen et al., 2006; Vink et al., 2004; Teri et al., 2003) show that these interventions range from motor stimulation, exercise programmes, sensory stimulation and cognitive training. Amongst these interventions, music therapy has been suggested to be least harmful and relatively effective. Some investigators (Fornazzari et al., 2006; Cuddy and Duffin, 2005) have shown that even in patients with severe dementia, music memory seemed to be preserved. However, some studies (Menard and Belleville, 2009; Baird and Samsom, 2009) suggest otherwise and explain that some patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suffer from impaired music memory. One study (Baird and Samson, 2009) however, explained that procedural memory, specifically for musical stimuli are not affected in persons with dementia. With the acknowledgement tha t most pharmacologic interventions have limited ability to treat the symptoms associated with dementia, it is essential to consider how non-pharmacologic interventions, such as music therapy, alleviate symptoms of this condition. In order to enhance my current and future nursing practice and to increase my understanding on the relevance of music therapy to dementia care, I have decided to research this topic further. Literature Search A search of literature from academic databases such as the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Pubmed was done to retrieve relevant studies. CINAHL indexes more than 5,000 nursing and allied health sciences journals and contains almost 4 million citations. The depth of research articles indexed in this database makes it a database of choice for research on the effects of music therapy on patients suffering from dementia. Meanwhile, Pubmed was also used to search for academic literature. This database also contains millions of citations and indexes nursing and allied health journals. A quick search for ‘music therapy AND dementia’ was done in Pubmed since this database focuses on nursing and allied health journals. This search yielded 20 articles, most of which were available as full text journals. The same keywords were entered in the CINAHL database. The search yielded 14 articles, with almost all articles available as full text articles. A review of the abstracts of all articles was done to select only primary research studies conducted in the last five years. Polit et al. (2013) state that retrieving journal articles in the last five years will ensure that the most recent evidence is used to inform current and future nursing practice. Literature older than five years old may be outdated. However, this also increases the risk of excluding landmark studies (Aveyard, 2014). For the present review, the selection of studies was only restricted to the last five years to ensure that more recent evidence on music therapy were evaluated and critiqued. The re was also no restriction on the place where the studies were conducted since dementia affects people of different ethnicities. Learning from the experiences of other nurses or healthcare practitioners on the use of music therapy for dementia patients would also help improve nursing practice in the UK. The following articles were chosen for critique and evaluation: Simmons-Stern et al. (2012) ‘Music-based memory enhancement in Alzheimer’s disease: promise and limitations’ Sakamoto et al. (2013) ‘Comparing the effects of different individualized music interventions for elderly individuals with severe dementia’, Dermot et al. (2014) ‘The importance of music for people with dementia: the perspectives of people with dementia, family carers, staff and music therapists’ As previously stated, I am interested in how music therapy could help me assist my patients delay the progression of dementia and help them and their carers self-manage the signs and symptoms of dementia. Hence, all articles are relevant my work as a community nurse. To critique these studies, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP, 2013) tool for critiquing qualitative studies was utilised. For the quantitative studies, Long et al. (2002) critiquing framework for quantitative studies was used. Both critiquing frameworks are easy to use and help researchers investigate the quality and rigour of research articles. Study 1: Simmons-Stern et al. (2012 A review of the title of the study shows that it reflected the main aim and objectives of the study. The title was concise and provided information to the readers that the study aimed to present the limitations of music-based memory enhancement as well as its possible application to nursing practice. Polit et al. (2013) emphasise the importance of creating a concise and clear title in order not to mislead readers and to inform stakeholders if the article is worth reading. A review was also done on the author’s background and shows that all had extensive background on dementia research and healthcare. This was essential since credibility of the authors’ background could increase the reliability of the findings of the study (Long et al., 2002). However, Hek and Moule (2011) emphasise that the authors’ background is not the sole criterion in assessing the credibility of the findings of the study. The abstract of the study failed to mention the type of study design used. While the abstract summarises the aims and main findings of the study, it did not follow the usual structure of an abstract in a journal article where the methodology or methods used are explicitly stated. Ellis (2010) reiterates that an abstract should provide a brief summary of the study’s background, aims and objectives, methodology, results and conclusion. Although it was difficult to determine why the researchers of this study failed to present the methodology in the abstract, readers of the study could have benefited from an abstract that states the methodology of the study. Reading of the body of the article would show that the quantitative study design was used. The study aimed to investigate the effects of music on the memory of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, one of the diseases grouped under dementia. Simmons-Stern et al. (2012) made excellent use of literature and related findings from previous studies with the current study. Apart from the excellent use of literature, there was also a very good review of the previous studies and a gap in literature was clearly presented. Hence, the literature review of the study was well written and provided the readers with good background on why there is a need to carry out the present study. Polit et al. (2013) emphasise that a well-written review of literature should be able to provide context to the study’s aims and objectives and argue why there is a need to address the gaps in literature. Importantly, Simmons-Stern et al. (2012) avoided the use of jargon when writing the paper. Burns and Grove (2013) explain that the use of jargon should be avoided since this excludes readers of the article that have no nursing or medical background. A good paper is one that is written for a general audience and not only for a scientific community (Burns and Grove, 2013). A total of 12 participants who were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and 17 healthy controls g ave their informed consents to participate in the study. Brown (2009) states the importance of obtaining the informed consent of participants before commencing the study. This would not only protect the rights of the participants but also ensure that the nurse researchers are observing the Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (NMC, 2008) code of conduct in protecting the patients or participants from harm. Part of obtaining an informed consent is the presentation of the study’s aims and objectives, possible side effects or benefits when participating in the study (Brown, 2009). An informed consent will also ensure that debriefing is provided to the participants to avoid any harm and psychological distress to the participants (Oermann, 2010). Apart from getting the informed consent, it was also crucial that an ethics committee has evaluated and approved the study protocol. An evaluation of the study reveals that this was observed and an ethics committee approved the study. On reflection, the study has a very small sample size (n=12 experimental group; n=17 control group). This would have taken a randomised controlled study design since a control group was used to compare the effects of music therapy on the patients with a healthy control. However, the investigators specifically state that this study was comparative. An inclusion and exclusion criteria were used when recruiting the patients, suggesting that participants were not randomly selected. Since the study was quantitative and employed the experimental study design, random sampling of the participants who have been more applicable (Crookes and Davies, 2004). It should be noted that it would also be difficult to randomise participants since this study was only conduc ted in one healthcare setting and it was crucial that participants have developed AD. While randomisation of participants was not observed, it is noteworthy that the investigators stated how many of the participants were excluded from the study and the reasons of their exclusion. This was essential since failure to explain why participants who gave their informed consents to participate in the study but were later excluded in the actual experiment would make the data collection process unclear (Moule and Goodman, 2009). Despite the small sample size, the demographic characteristics of the two groups were not significantly different when t-test was done. There were no significant differences in prior musical training, formal or informal, years of education and age between the participants of the two groups. This allowed the investigators to determine if there were differences after the study, this might have been due to the intervention employed. After informed consents were taken, the authors of the study declared that they paid the participants for the hours spent during the study. Compensating the participants for the time is considered as ethical since considerable time has been taken away from the subjects for their participation in the study (Hek and Moule, 2011). The interventions were clearly stated. This increased the rigour of the study since a clearly stated research method would help other investigators replicate the methods in future studies and verify whether similar findings are obtain ed (Hek and Moule, 2011). Simmons-Stern et al. (2012) also specifically outlined the lyrics used and where these were obtained and how music memory of the participants was tested. Results section of the study clearly presented the main findings of the study. Appropriate statistical tests were also utilised to test the hypotheses of the research. Polit et al. (2013) emphasise that statistical tests should be appropriate to the study’s aims and objectives and should rule out any biases in interpretation of the findings. Despite having a small sample size, the researchers were able to establish that music in patients with AD enhances memory in terms of familiarisation of sung lyrics but not in spoken stimuli. This suggests that in patients with AD, they can enhance their memory when familiarising with the lyrics or listening to music but not when they hear spoken language. There were also no significant differences in the healthy control and experimental groups in terms of memory after hearing the lyrics of a song compared to hearing the lyrics as a spoken stimuli. Since this study has a small sample size, the applicability of the findings to a larger and more heterogeneous population would be difficult (Burns and Grove, 2013). Although a control was used, it should be noted that participants in the experimental group are in the early stages of AD. This could have affected the findings of the study since it is unclear if patients with severe dementia would also yield similar reactions and results. At present, the findings are applicable to the sample population of the study and importantly, only on individuals in the early stages of dementia. While there were several limitations of the study, findings are noteworthy since these show that music therapy is promising as a non-pharmacologic intervention for enhancing memory in individuals with early stage dementia. The conclusion of the study was clearly presented and summarises the key points presented in the study. Although the discussion states future areas of study, there were no clear recommendations in the conclusion. Specific recommendations could have been made at the end to help future researchers identify areas of investigation. There were also no implications for future nursing and other healthcare practitioners’ practices. Despite the lack of clear recommendations, readers can still read through the study and identify areas that need further investigation. For example, there is a need to replicate the study in a larger and randomly selected sample population to strengthen the validity and reliability of the findings. There is also a need to compare findings with patients suffering from moderate to severe dementia to determine if music still has similar effects on the memory of those in advanced stages of the illness. There are a number of implications of the study in nursing practice. Nurses can use music to help enhance memory or prevent deterioration of memory amongst individuals with early stages of the disease. It is essential to consider the acceptability of music therapy in those suffering from dementia. As a whole, the study was of high quality and effort was made to reduce bias within the study. Although the investigators failed to blind assessors to the study, findings were presented objectively. It is also difficult to blind assessors because of the very small sample size (Burns and Grove, 2013). All investigators were familiar with the background of the participants and blinding them to the intervention was difficult since these investigators were also responsible in implementing the interventions. Finally, there were no conflicts of interest (Polit et al., 2013), ensuring the readers that bias in presentation of findings was avoided. Study 2: Sakamoto et al. (2013) An evaluation of the study’s title reveals that it was concise and clearly reflects the study’s aims and objectives. This was essential (Long et al., 2002) since this would present to the readers the main aim of the study. The type of study design chosen to answer the study’s aims was also appropriate. A quantitative study design would help investigators answer the research aims and objectives through experimentation, surveys or a randomised controlled trial (RCT) (Brown, 2009). In Sakamoto et al. (2013), the randomised controlled study design was used. Compared to other quantitative study designs, a RCT reduces risk of selection bias and bias in interpretation of findings (Moule and Goodman, 2009). Selection bias occurs when participants are not randomly selected and do no have equal chances of being assigned to a control or experimental groups (Crookes and Davies, 2004). This is avoided in RCT since all participants are randomly assigned to an experimental or c ontrol group. On the other hand, bias in interpretation of findings is lessened especially if investigators and assessors are blinded to the interventions and standard treatment (Oermann, 2010). A critical analysis of the study shows all participants in the study were randomly assigned to the treatment and standard care groups. However, a major limitation of this study was its relatively small sample size (n=39). It would be difficult to transfer findings to a larger and more heterogeneous group due to the representativeness of the sample population (Ellis, 2010). While it is difficult to transfer findings to other settings due to the relatively small sample size, community nurses may consider the applicability of the findings to their own practice. It is noteworthy that it would be difficult to recruit participants in the advanced stages of dementia since their ability to give their informed consent is severely limited (Department of Health, 2009). Further, their participation requires that their carers or immediate family members are aware of the study’s aims and objectives and should be able to assist the participants during the the study. While an ethics board app roved the study and informed consents were taken from the respondents or their representatives (Burns and Grove, 2013), involving individuals who suffer from severe cognitive impairment would be difficult. This also carries some ethical issues since their ability to understand the procedures of the study is compromised (Hek and Moule, 2011). Although the Mental Health Act in the UK acknowledges that carers can act in behalf of the individual with mental health condition, ethics regarding their participation in research studies remains debatable (Department of Health, 2009). Despite the possible ethical issues surrounding the study, investigators of this study used other means of evaluation to assess the participants’ responses to the interventions. For example, they used the Faces Scale (Sakamoto et al., 2013) to determine the emotions of the participants. A review of the study’s aims and objective shows that these were clearly presented in the beginning of the study. The introduction and review of literature also made excellent use of previous studies. It is also important to note the gaps in practice in recent studies were highlighted in the literature review section (Ellis, 2010). A good literature also argues why there is a need for the new study and how this could be applied to current healthcare practices (Ross, 2012). Methodology and methods used were also appropriate for the research question. Since the study aimed to determine the effectiveness of music therapy, it is appropriate that a RCT is used to compare music therapy with st andard care. Comparing music therapy with standard care is ethical (Ross, 2012) since all patients in the study received interventions. It would be unethical to withdraw treatment or assign participants to a control group that would receive no intervention (Crookes and Daives, 2004). The evaluation tools used to measure the responses of the patients were appropriate and have been previously validated and standardised. This was necessary to convey to the readers that validated measurement tools were used in the study (Moule and Goodman, 2009). A clear description of the research methods was presented. This would allow future researchers to replicate the present study (Oermann, 2010) and determine if similar findings could be observed. This also increases rigour of the study (Burns and Grove, 2013) since it is essential for other researchers to also test the hypothesis of the study and ensure that results are consistent across different healthcare settings. Results of the study were well presented and appropriate statistical tests were used. The discussion section of the study presented the strengths and limitations of the study. Polit et al. (2013) emphasise that presenting the limitations of a study will help inform other researchers on areas that need further improvement and presents areas for further research. Since weaknesses of the study were presented, readers and other healthcare practitioners can determine the extent in which the findings can be applied to current and future nursing practice (Burns and Grove, 2013) . The conclusion of the study succinctly captures the main points raised in the research study. This helped the researchers identify the main highlights of the study (Ellis, 2010). However, recommendations for other researchers and areas of improvement of the study were not cited. While the discussion section presented these limitations and areas for future studies, brief recommendations at the end of the study could have added rigour to the research study. Importantly, there were no conflicts of interest. This assured the readers that bias in reporting of data was reduced (Ellis, 2010). Findings of this study have important implications in nursing practice. All participants received either the passive or interactive music intervention while the control group received no music intervention. There was careful choice of music in the interactive group. For example, healthcare workers assigned to the interactive group helped investigators choose music for the patient participants. Music played during the intervention all had special meaning to the participants. All interventions were given individually for 30 minutes per session at once a week for 10 weeks. Those in the interactive group were allowed to clap, sing or interact with the music. Meanwhile, those in the passive group only listened to the music. The music chosen for the passive group also had special meaning to the participants. Those in the control group sat in silence for 30 minutes during the once a week session. Interestingly, findings show that music associated with special memories led to significant cha nges in the parasympathetic nervous system of the participants. Investigators note that music significantly increased relaxation of the individuals immediately after intervention when compared to baseline data. However, these were not noted in the control group. Significant changes were also seen on the emotional states of the participants in the interactive and passive music intervention groups. Music appeared to elicit pleasant emotional states. However, when passive and interactive groups were compared, the latter was significantly more relaxed following the music intervention. It should be noted that patients with severe dementia are more sensitive to environmental stimuli and may experience stress when placed in a new environment (Morris and Morris, 2010). Further, patients with cognitive impairments may express feelings of stress and fear through disruptive behaviour (Morris and Morris, 2010). The difficulty in verbalising their emotional needs could aggravate their responses to their surroundings (Department of Health, 2009). Hence, the st udy of Sakamoto et al. (2013) may have important implications in nursing care for patients in community settings. Nurses can encourage family members to play music that have special meaning to their loved ones suffering from dementia to illicit positive emotional states. The calming effect of music could be an advantage for patients cared in home or care settings since this would not only prevent stress but also allow patients to enjoy quality of life. Study 3: Dermot et al. (2014) A review of the study’s title shows that it also reflects the main aims and objectives of the study. Readers could easily understand that the study explored the experiences of individuals with dementia, their carers, staff and music therapists when music interventions are employed. The CASP (2013) tool for qualitative studies contains three screening questions that should be used to determine if a study is worth reviewing. The study of Dermot et al. (2014) suggests that music can help maintain the person’s interconnectedness and their quality of life. Findings have important implications in nursing practice since music intervention (Miller, 2009) is not costly and could yield positive results for patients suffering from early to advanced stages of dementia. Further review of the study shows that aims and objectives of the research were clearly stated. The main aim of the study was to explore the meaning of music in the lives of individuals suffering from dementia. Inves tigators of this study state that there is limited knowledge on why or how individuals find music beneficial to their wellbeing. Understanding the role of music according to the perceptions of the patients and their carers will help inform nursing practice on the relevance of music in the lives of people with dementia. A qualitative research methodology was appropriate for the study’s aims since the research aims to interpret the subjective experiences of individuals with dementia. Parahoo (2006) emphasises that a qualitative study allows researchers to explore the experiences and perceptions of individuals in more detail and depth. Since open-ended questions are used, investigators can use probing questions (Burns and Grove, 2013) to help participants articulate their experiences. One of the strengths of this study was the inclusion of participants’ family members, care home staff and music therapists. Individuals suffering from dementia were recruited from care homes and those living in the community. This allowed Dermot et al. (2014) to compare the perceptions of people with dementia living in care homes or in the community and determine if settings of the individuals impact their experiences with music therapy. Recruitment strategy employed was also appropriate for the research ai ms. There was also a clear explanation on the methods of data collection. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were done. In the former, this would allow researchers to investigate perceptions of participants in more detail (Parahoo, 2006). However, this requires more time to complete especially if there are many participants in a study. A focus group discussion, on the other hand, requires little resources and could be completed in one setting (Polit et al., 2013). However, if a dominant member would be included in a focus group discussion, interactions would be limited (Burns and Grove, 2013). This could be avoided with a facilitator who knows how to redirect the discussion to all members of the focus group. A stregnth of the study of Dermot et al. (2014) is the presentation of a rationalisation on why they used a combination of focus groups and in-depth interviews. It should also be noted that participants with dementia might display cognitive impairments, depending on the stage of their illness. Hence, requiring these patients to explain their experiences in more depth might be challenging. However, the investigators tried to mitigate this challenge by including carers of the patients as part of the study participants. Inclusion of carers could provide researchers with more detailed information on how music impacts the wellbeing and quality of life of the patients since these carers are more acquainted with the individuals suffering from dementia (Miranda-Castillo et al., 2010). It is also noteworthy that music therapy was individualised to the patients in the study. Thi s suggests that comparison of music therapy received by the patients was not done. Instead, investigators focused on the impact of music therapy on the patients’ wellbeing. In addition, the study did not take into account the differences in music interventions and whether this shaped the individual’s reaction to music therapy. Despite the differences in music intervention, it was common for the music therapists to use songs that were well-known to the patients. They also supported active music therapy with exploratory improvisation. Dermot et al. (2014), however, failed to explain what is exploratory improvisation or how this was done during music therapy. There was also an explanation on the content of the guides used for the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. This was essential to demonstrate the coverage of the interview guides and whether each guide reflects the aims and objectives of the study (Moule and Goodman, 2009). However, the relationship between the researchers and the participants was not thoroughly discussed. If the participants knew the investigators, this might lead to potential bias especially if the researchers hold positions of power (Oermann, 2010). Despite this limitation, Dermot et al. (2014) emphasise that only one facilitator guided the focus group discussions. There were changes in the methods used during data collection. For instance, where a focus group discussion was initially decided, this was then changed to individual interviews in the second group of patients and healthcare workers. Dermot et al. (2014) explain that the severity of dementia of the patients was considered in the choice of d ata collection. In-depth interviews were used when patients had severe dementia. There were also sufficient details on how participants were recruited and whether ethical standards were observed. Polit et al. (2013) state that ethics in research is crucial to ensure that the rights of the participants were observed and they were not subjected to undue stress or negative experiences during data collection. Confidentiality was also observed in the study and all participants remained anonymous. Approval was also sought from an ethics board in the community settings. Data analysis of qualitative data could be extensive and time consuming (Parahoo, 2006). Informing readers how data was analysed would help increase the rigour of a qualitative study. Dermot et al. (2014) provided an in-depth description of how data was analysed. Thematic analysis was also used to present the main findings of the study. There was also a clear description on how categories and themes emerged. For instance, the long-table approach was used during analysis of data. Verbatim transcripts wer e used to support the main themes. This ensures validity and credibility of the main themes generated in the study (Polit et al., 2013). Contradictory data were also taken into account. The researchers also critically examined their own roles in the research process and the potential bias that might arise during analysis of research data. While respondent was not done, validity and credibility of the data were observed through constant comparison of categories and themes. More than one researcher was involved in the analysis of data. Professors and doctoral students of the Doctoral Programme in Music Therapy were also consulted during thematic analysis and were involved in identifying categories. Importantly, findings were discussed with reference to the original research question. A discussion was also made on the relevance of the study to dementia care. Findings of this study suggest that music is a medium that is readily accessible to patients with dementia. Many of the patients, their carers and healthcare staff admitted that music promotes mental stimulation and is an emotionally meaningful experience. Almost all participants also remarked that song lyrics with personal meanings helped patients remember their personal history. It is also perceived to reinforce personal and cultural identity. Music is also perceiv ed to promote connectedness and building and sustaining of relationships. In addition, music has immediate effects on the mood of the patients. Most of the staff members who participated in the focus group discussions remarked that agitation of the patients decreased as a result of music therapy. It is also shown to promote a relaxing environment in the care homes. On the other hand, listening to music in the lounge area could be challenging since care home residents might have different music preferences. Hence, it would be a challenge for healthcare workers to address all the music preferences of the patients. Since the study was qualitative, transferability of the findings to a larger and more heterogeneous population is impossible (Polit et al., 2013). However, other healthcare practitioners could use findings to help build a peaceful environment for patients suffering from dementia. A further review of the study also shows that the conclusion summarises the main points raised in the study and provides recommendations for other researchers to consider in similar studies in the future. Implications of Findings in Nursing Practice Findings of this literature review could be used to improve nursing practice when caring for patients with dementia. All three studies (Simmons-Stern et al., 2012; Sakamoto et al., 2013; Dermot et al., 2014) included in this literature review demonstrate the impact of music therapy on patients with dementia. Music therapy could improve health outcomes and quality of life of the patients from early to advanced stages of the disease. In the latter, patients who have difficulty communicating their needs, react positively to music therapy. Many of the patients with severe dementia show less agitation when exposed to music that was once relevant to them before they suffered from dementia. This suggests that music therapy could even not only promote positive mood of the patients but might even reconnect them to ‘who they are’ (Dermot et al., 2014). This holds important implications in nursing practice in community settings. Music therapy could be introduced to families caring for a loved one with dementia and could be used to calm the patient, reconnect with their family members and create an environment that is less stressful for the individual with dementia. The type of music therapy, however, will be dependent on the preferences of the individual (Sakamoto et al., 2013). This is consistent with patient-centred care (Department of Health, 2009) where patient preferences are considered when creating a care plan or introducing healthcare interventions. It is suggested that interactive music therapy (Simmons-Stern et al., 2012; Sakamoto et al., 2013) might be more effective than passive music therapy in improving memory and mood of the patients with dementia. As a community nurse, I need to be aware of the different non-pharmacologic interventions for people with dementia. I can use findings of this review when caring for patients suffering from dementia. Music therapy is relatively easy to carry out and entails very little cost. Importantly, it has positive short and long-term impacts on patient’s mood, memory and quality of life. Hence, considering this type of intervention could also help ease the burden of carers who provide care to these patients on a daily basis. I could use information from this literature when conducting patient education. I can inform my patients and their family members of the benefits of music therapy and the sustainability of this type of therapy over time. I can also encourage family members to consider music therapy to help alleviate the mood of the patients and provide a calm environment. Conclusion This literature review has shown the feasibility and promise of music therapy in promoting wellbeing, improving memory and quality of life of patients with dementia. As a community nurse, music therapy could be employed with the help of a music therapist in community settings. Families and carers could be taught on how to use this type of therapy to improve the mood of the patient or to calm the individual when agitated. This type of therapy holds some promise in long-term care for people with dementia. As shown in the review, individuals with severe dementia still have the ability to respond positively to music therapy. However, consideration should still be made on the applicability of the findings of the three studies to a larger and more heterogeneous population. All studies recruited a relatively small sample size that might not be representative of the experiences of a wider group of people with dementia. Although this limits applicability, findings can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. Considerations should also be made on the preferences of the patients and their family members on whether music therapy is acceptable to them. Since there is a need to practice patient-centred care, nurses have to determine if patients or their family members are willing to employ music therapy. It should ne noted that this literature review is only limited to reviewing three studies. Literature on the acceptability of music therapy was not evaluated. Despite this gap in the present literature review, the positive responses generated after music therapy should help patients and their family members consider music therapy. References Aveyard, H. (2014) Doing a literature review in health & social care: A practical guide. 2nd ed. Berkshire: Open University Press. Baird, A. & Samson, S. (2009) Memory for music in Alzheimer’s disease: unforgettableNeuropsychology Review. 19(1), p. 85–101. Brown, S. (2009) Evidence-based nursing: the research-practice connection. Sudbury Mass: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Burns, N. & Grove, S. 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